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Mauritius, in the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar, was thought to have formed above a hotspot, like many other volcanic islands worldwide. A mantle plume pushes upward into the oceanic crust in these situations, igniting volcanism and causing land to gradually emerge from the sea. In the event that the maritime plate is moving over the area of interest, a chain of islands is framed (see The Hawaiian Edge). For about 9 million years, Mauritius was created by intermittent volcanism. As of late, notwithstanding, as revealed in the New York Times this week, a geologist has found the presence of mainland hull underneath the volcanic stone. In essence, it appears that the volcanism was caused by oceanic crust subducting beneath the continental fragment or by a hotspot that formed nearby or beneath it; the last option appears to be more uncertain. Around 200 million years ago, the continental fragment split off from Gondwana, forming the Southern Continents (Africa, South America, Antarctica, India, and Australia). Another Gondwana-related continental fragment is the Madagascar-Seychelles platform, which can be found north of Mauritius. These exotic terranes may eventually fuse to the edges of the major continents, as they move around the globe as oceans open and close. Mount Agung, 9944 feet, is in western Bali. The most recent major eruption, one of Indonesia's 78 active volcanoes, occurred in 1963, but another one is anticipated within the next few weeks. Since September, there have been earthquakes on and near the volcano, and smoke and ash have occasionally been released throughout October and November. The volcanic islands along the western and southern edge of Indonesia have framed as the Indo-Australian Plate has been subducting underneath a southeastern expansion of the Eurasian Plate. As it is constrained descending, around the World's mantle, the main edge of the subducting plate melts and tufts of magma push up through the outside layer of the superseding plate. Subduction and volcanism, which began as a volcanic island arc and continues to this day, culminated in the large islands we see today (Sumatra, Java, Bali, and others to their east). Although another major eruption of Mount Agung will likely cause widespread destruction, it will not be anywhere near as devastating as the eruption of Mount Toba on Sumatra. That supervolcanic ejection, which happened a long time back, briefly cooled the World's environment and significantly affected the human populace of our planet; Indeed, by that time, a significant number of early humans had left Africa and settled on the southern coast of Asia (see The Toba Winter). The Tethys Sea divided Pangea into Laurasia (the northern continents) and Gondwanaland (the southern continents) approximately 200 million years ago (MYA). the last option included Africa, India, Antarctica, South America and Australia. As these Southern Continents have separated from one another since then, the Indian Ocean has emerged. The Atlantic Ocean began to form in the middle of the Jurassic Period, 150 MYA, separating Africa from South America and Europe from North America. By the early Cretaceous Period, exactly 130 MYA, a body of land including Madagascar, the Seychelle Islands and India cracked from the remainder of Gondwanaland and, by 100 MYA, Africa split from Antarctica as the Southwest Indian Edge started to frame. India broke off from the Madagascar-Seychelles land mass around 85 MYA, and Australia started breaking off from Antarctica along the Southeast Indian Ridge. Finally, India's expansion toward southern Asia was accelerated by the Mid Indian Ridge, which connects the Southwest and Southeast Indian Ridges and runs NNW to SSE. India finally slammed into Asia 55 MYA, lifting the Himalayas (a process that continues today), and its northwestern extension, known as the Carlsberg Ridge and terminating in the Gulf of Aden, began to open around 62 MYA. Africa moved to the north-northwest, Antarctica moved south, India moved northeast into Asia, and Australia moved east and then northeast as these four spreading zones continued to open around the vast Indian Ocean, which has an average depth of 12,900 feet. the part of the Indian Sea south of the Southwest and Southeast Indian Edges is frequently alluded to as the Southern Sea. The Southwest, Mid, and Southeast Indian Ridges continue to produce oceanic crust despite the Carlsberg Ridge's inactivity; Australia is drifting NNE, and the African Plate is still moving NNW, lifting the Alps and igniting volcanism in southern Europe. The earthquakes and subduction volcanoes along Indonesia's western and southern rims, where the Australia Plate dips below the Eurasian Plate, are the most obvious features.